It is felt in friendship patterns and in the development of the family. It brings about social co-ordination and leads to solidarity. In division of labour Durkheim reacted against the view that modern industrial society could be based simply upon agreement between individuals motivated by self-interest and without any prior consensus.
He agreed that the kind of consensus in modern society was different from that in simpler social systems. But he saw both of these as two types of social solidarity. The measurement of social solidarity is the intensity of collective conscience. It is the sum total of belief and sentiment common to the member of society. Collective conscience persists through successive generations and keeps them united.
According to him, the primitive society is characterised by mechanical solidarity based upon the conscience collective and the advanced society is characterised by organic solidarity based upon division of labour. The difference between mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity is due to the nature of social differentiation. Society undergoes structural and functional differentiation, as different individual activities are grouped into different institutions specialising in their respective functions.
Individuals and institutions relate to one another on the basis of the complementary differences which make them mutually dependent on one another. The collective conscience becomes weaker and more abstract, permitting the development of greater individuality and freedom. Social existence means collectivity. It is based on solidarity which is of two types: 1. Mechanical solidarity — Repressive Law — involves violent sanctions and aims to punish ordestray the rule violator 2.
The bond among people is that they are all engaged in similar activities and have similar responsibilities. Mechanical solidarity is solidarity of resemblance. As a member of the same group or same collectivity they resemble each other, feel the same emotion and cherish the same values. Here individual differences are minimized. In mechanical solidarity we find the strong states of the collective conscience. This prevails mostly in primitive societies.
In mechanical solidarity Repressive law prevails. It prevails at its core underlie the harsh justice and severe punishments which perpetuate the similarities underlying mechanical solidarity. Organic Solidarity In contrast to mechanical solidarity in a heterogeneous society where the likeness and the resemblance is missing, the coherent unity of the collectivity is expressed by differentiation; the solidarity that exists is organic solidarity.
According to Durkheim, increasing density of population is the major key of development of division of labour. This is especially witnessed in the modern industrial societies. The individuals are no long similar. They may be differentiated in terms of thinking, emotions and values.
They have no collective conscience. The organic solidarity is characterised by specialisation and individualism. It is also characterised by the weakening of collective conscience and repressive law.
Repressive law is largely replaced by restitutive law which calls not for revenge but rather for the return of things to the conditions which would have prevailed had the legal offences, not occurred. The two forms of solidarity correspond to two extreme forms of social organisation. Archaic societies are characterised by the predominance of mechanical solidarity.
Whereas modern industrial societies characterised by complex division of labour are dominated by organic solidarity. In sum, the course of social evolution is marked by a transition from small, simple, homogeneous tribal societies integrated by likenesses and a powerful concrete collective conscience to large modern differentiated industrial societies integrated by the interdependence of individuals and structures created by the division of labour.
The contrasts between mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity co-exist with some basic similarities: 1. In Mechanical solidarity- likenesses similarities- interaction- moral rules, powerful, concrete, collective, conscience, repressive law — integration 2.
Organic solidarity- mutually complementary differences division of labour - interaction- moral rules, weaker, more abstract, collective conscience and restitutive law — integration One difference between mechanical and organic solidarity lies in the impetus to interaction: similarities versus differences.
Another is the change in morality embodied in the changing nature of the collective conscience and the transition from repressive to restitutive law. Beyond these differences the causal chains are the same, and both mechanical and organic solidarity are proportional to rates of interaction and therefore the strength of the moral rules which integrate society. Save to Library Save. Create Alert Alert. Share This Paper. One Citation. Citation Type. Has PDF. Publication Type.
More Filters. Symbolism, Collective Identity, and Community Development. A focal point of this article is symbols e.
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